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2 bil\u00adlion<\/strong> peo\u00adple live on Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n15 %<\/strong> of the world\u2019s pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion has access to elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
1926<\/mark><\/strong> elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty comes from these sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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78 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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2 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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15 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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5 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
The key foun\u00adda\u00adtions of elec\u00adtri\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtion are laid by the 1920s: In 1866, Wern\u00ader von Siemens makes elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion pos\u00adsi\u00adble using the dynamo-elec\u00adtric prin\u00adci\u00adple. About a decade lat\u00ader Thomas Edi\u00adson makes the incan\u00addes\u00adcent light bulb suit\u00adable for every\u00adday use. And with the devel\u00adop\u00adment of the trans\u00adformer in the 1880s alter\u00adnat\u00ading cur\u00adrent tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy becomes the stan\u00addard for pow\u00ader trans\u00admis\u00adsion. The streets of major cities now glow with elec\u00adtric light, and in more and more fac\u00adto\u00adries, elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty pow ers machines and dri\u00adves. But appear\u00adances are deceiv\u00ading: the gen\u00ader\u00adal pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion, espe\u00adcial\u00adly in rur\u00adal areas, still has no access to elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty Uni\u00adform stan\u00addards are also lack\u00ading, and the elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty land\u00adscape resem\u00adbles a patch\u00adwork quilt, with pow\u00ader gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion and con\u00adsump\u00adtion tak\u00ading place local\u00adly. Fur\u00adther\u00admore, even where pow\u00ader is already avail\u00adable, the sup\u00adply is unsta\u00adble. Trans\u00adform\u00aders that can be adjust\u00aded under load are intend\u00aded to change this. Although there are ini\u00adtial attempts using tap chang\u00aders based on the reac\u00adtor prin\u00adci\u00adple, they are tech\u00adni\u00adcal\u00adly very com\u00adplex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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The first tap changer<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Before Dr. Bern\u00adhard Jansen invent\u00aded the high-speed resis\u00adtor-type tap-chang\u00ader, trans\u00adform\u00aders usu\u00adal\u00adly had to be tak\u00aden off the grid to change the trans\u00admis\u00adsion ratio. Rein\u00adhausen pro\u00adduced the first pro\u00adto\u00adtypes in 1929 and launched its first suc\u00adcess\u00adful mod\u00adel, type C, in the 1930s. This design relied on a com\u00adbi\u00adna\u00adtion of a hous\u00ading (tube) with a rotat\u00ading con\u00adtact sys\u00adtem. This enabled a more com\u00adpact and main\u00adte\u00adnance-friend\u00adly design.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The Reinhausen Story 1901 \u2014 1949<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
1901<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nFounding of Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1926<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nPatent for the high-speed resistor-type tap-changer<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1929<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nCollaboration between Dr. Bernhard Jansen and MR begins<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1933<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nOILTAP\u00ae<\/sup> C: First tap changer based on Jansen\u2019s design<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1942<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nThe Scheubeck brothers take over MR<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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1950 \u2014 1970<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe years of the economic miracle \u2013 Today\u2019s power grid takes shape<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n
2.5 bil\u00adlion<\/strong> peo\u00adple live on Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n40 %<\/strong> of the world\u2019s pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion has access to elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
1950<\/mark><\/strong> elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty comes from these sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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72 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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5 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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20 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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3 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
In the two decades fol\u00adlow\u00ading World War II, the glob\u00adal econ\u00ado\u00admy grows rapid\u00adly \u2013 and with it, the demand for elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty. Not only indus\u00adtry but also pri\u00advate house\u00adholds require ever more ener\u00adgy, as elec\u00adtri\u00adcal appli\u00adances such as wash\u00ading machines, refrig\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtors, and tele\u00advi\u00adsions grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly become stan\u00addard house\u00adhold items. Dur\u00ading this peri\u00adod, pow\u00ader grids in Europe evolve from region\u00adal sup\u00adply struc\u00adtures into large-scale, nation\u00adal, inter\u00adcon\u00adnect\u00aded pow\u00ader grids, and inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal grid coor\u00addi\u00adna\u00adtion is also being pro\u00admot\u00aded as ear\u00adly as the 1950s. Both devel\u00adop\u00adments neces\u00adsi\u00adtate phase shifters for load flow con\u00adtrol, which can\u00adnot oper\u00adate with\u00adout tap chang\u00aders. With high-volt\u00adage direct cur\u00adrent (HVDC) trans\u00admis\u00adsion, a new tech\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy grad\u00adu\u00adal\u00adly gains accep\u00adtance for trans\u00adport\u00ading elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty over long dis\u00adtances with low loss\u00ades. With\u00adout tap chang\u00aders in the con\u00advert\u00ader sta\u00adtions, this is not eco\u00adnom\u00adi\u00adcal\u00adly viable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Higher switching capacity<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nAs elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty demand grew rapid\u00adly, so did the need for more pow\u00ader\u00adful tap chang\u00aders. Reinhausen\u2019s type D, devel\u00adoped as ear\u00adly as 1943, achieved high\u00ader switch\u00ading capac\u00adi\u00adties by sep\u00ada\u00adrat\u00ading the divert\u00ader switch and selec\u00adtor, there\u00adby meet\u00ading demand. In the 1960s, types G and K fol\u00adlowed as solu\u00adtions for extra-high volt\u00adage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The Reinhausen Story 1950 \u2014 1970<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
1950<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nThe oldest tap changer still in operation is produced. It is still in use today at the UNIPER oil-fired power plant in Ingolstadt<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1953<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nThe company moves to Falkensteinstra\u00dfe<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1957<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nExports account for 50 % of sales<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1958<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nJansen passes away; MR takes over development tasks<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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1971 \u2014 1989<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\nExpansion and new consumers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n
3.8 bil\u00adlion<\/strong> peo\u00adple live on Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n50 %<\/strong> of the world\u2019s pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion has access to elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
1971<\/mark><\/strong> elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty comes from these sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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52 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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13 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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21 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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3 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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11 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
In the 1970s and 1980s, the expan\u00adsion of pow\u00ader grids con\u00adtin\u00adues world\u00adwide, though the focus shifts from that of the post\u00adwar peri\u00adod. Where\u00adas pre\u00advi\u00adous\u00adly the empha\u00adsis had been on build\u00ading nation\u00adal grids, the focus now increas\u00ading\u00adly turns to inter\u00adcon\u00adnect\u00ading large pow\u00ader sys\u00adtems. High-volt\u00adage and extra-high-volt\u00adage trans\u00admis\u00adsion lines are built across bor\u00adders to bal\u00adance peak loads, share reserve capac\u00adi\u00adty, and increase the reli\u00ada\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty of sup\u00adply. The 1973 oil cri\u00adsis also marks an impor\u00adtant turn\u00ading point in ener\u00adgy sup\u00adply \u2013 to become less depen\u00addent on oil, the expan\u00adsion of nuclear ener\u00adgy is accel\u00ader\u00adat\u00aded world\u00adwide. A phase of tech\u00adno\u00adlog\u00adi\u00adcal mod\u00adern\u00adiza\u00adtion also begins \u2013 the increas\u00ading avail\u00adabil\u00adi\u00adty of com\u00adput\u00aders auto\u00admates grid con\u00adtrol cen\u00adters, and SCADA sys\u00adtems enable large-scale remote mon\u00adi\u00adtor\u00ading and con\u00adtrol of pow\u00ader grids in real time for the first time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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A legend<\/h5>\n\n\n\n To meet vir\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly every cus\u00adtomer require\u00adment, Rein\u00adhausen con\u00adtin\u00adued to expand its port\u00adfo\u00adlio. The OILTAP\u00ae<\/sup> M, devel\u00adoped in 1973 \u2013 the \u201cVW Golf\u201d of on-load tap-chang\u00aders \u2013 enabled greater flex\u00adi\u00adbil\u00adi\u00adty in terms of load cur\u00adrent, volt\u00adage require\u00adments, and num\u00adber of tap posi\u00adtions thanks to its mod\u00adu\u00adlar design which made this tap chang\u00ader pop\u00adu\u00adlar for many appli\u00adca\u00adtions. Anoth\u00ader inno\u00adva\u00adtion involved an oil tank made of glass-fiber-rein\u00adforced plas\u00adtic (GFRP) instead of hard paper. Rein\u00adhausen was the first man\u00adu\u00adfac\u00adtur\u00ader to use this inno\u00adv\u00ada\u00adtive mate\u00adr\u00adi\u00adal in an on-load tap-chang\u00ader.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
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The Reinhausen Story 1976 \u2014 1989<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
1976<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nFirst training center in Regensburg<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1980<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nFirst foreign subsidiary in Brazil<\/h5>\n\n\n\n1989<\/mark><\/h5>\n\n\n\nAcquisition of tap-changer production from Westinghouse & Siemens<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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1990 \u2014 2000<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\nLiberalization of the electricity markets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n
5.3 bil\u00adlion<\/strong> peo\u00adple live on Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n76 %<\/strong> of the world\u2019s pop\u00adu\u00adla\u00adtion has access to elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
1990<\/mark><\/strong> elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty comes from these sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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38 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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15 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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18 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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17 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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12 %<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
The 1990s are a time of new begin\u00adnings: The Iron Cur\u00adtain has fall\u00aden, com\u00adput\u00aders are increas\u00ading\u00adly shap\u00ading the work\u00adplace, the World Wide Web goes online, the dig\u00adi\u00adtal age begins, and the mobile phone gains wide\u00adspread accep\u00adtance there\u00adby per\u00adma\u00adnent\u00adly trans\u00adform\u00ading com\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00adtion. In many coun\u00adtries, par\u00adtic\u00adu\u00adlar\u00adly in Europe, elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty mar\u00adkets are being lib\u00ader\u00adal\u00adized, and gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion, trans\u00admis\u00adsion, and dis\u00adtri\u00adb\u00adu\u00adtion are being sep\u00ada\u00adrat\u00aded. At the same time, inter\u00adna\u00adtion\u00adal inter\u00adcon\u00adnec\u00adtion is increas\u00ading, and with it, the cross-bor\u00adder elec\u00adtric\u00adi\u00adty trade. The grow\u00ading num\u00adber of play\u00aders and trade flows sig\u00adnif\u00adi\u00adcant\u00adly increase the com\u00adplex\u00adi\u00adty of grid oper\u00ada\u00adtion and neces\u00adsi\u00adtate more com\u00adput\u00ader-aid\u00aded con\u00adtrol. Progress is also being made in the tech\u00adni\u00adcal devel\u00adop\u00adment of renew\u00adable ener\u00adgy gen\u00ader\u00ada\u00adtion. A mile\u00adstone is the world\u2019s first off\u00adshore wind farm, which goes into oper\u00ada\u00adtion in Den\u00admark in 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n